@article { author = {Sahab, Ahmed Farahat and Sidkey, Nagwa and Abed, Nermine, and Mounir, Ayah}, title = { In vitro Effect of Different Physiological and Biochemical Parameters on Two Fungal Isolates Involved Biodeterioration of Egyptian Ancient Old Documents}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0022-2704}, eissn = {2357-0881}, doi = {10.21608/ejm.2019.6508.1083}, abstract = {Physiological and biochemical characteristics of Fusarium oxysporum and Trichoderma viride isolated from old manuscripts of the General Book Organization of Egypt including effects of incubation periods, carbon sources, temperature, pH and relative humidity on linear growth (mm) and dry weight (mg) were established. Cellulolytic activity (Avicelase, CMCase, and Fpase were measured by the size of the clear zone on specific media. The results show that the best incubation period for F. oxysporum was 9 day on PDA solid medium and 12 day for liquid medium, while for T. viride was 6 and 9 day for solid and liquid media respectively. Cellulase production increased gradually over an, incubation period up to a maximum of 18 day for both F. oxysporum and T. viride beyond which a slight decline in the enzyme activity could be observed. The two isolates grow and attain maximum linear and dry weight at temperatures degree between 25 and 30°C. Both organisms can grow on PDA solid medium along a pH ranging from pH 3.5-8.5, with maximum growth at pH 3.5-6.5. F. oxysporum and T. viride grow effectively on all tested carbon sources (sucrose, maltose, lactose, glucose, arabinose, starch, pectin and raffinose) reaching maximum growth after 7 days of incubation. Cotton pulp was considered the best carbon source for inducing the highest Avicelase enzyme activity for both F. oxysporum and T. viride. Also, maximum growth was attained over a range of relative humidity, as the growth of F. oxysporum was increased by increasing the RH up to 92.3% and up to 100% for T. viride.}, keywords = { Fusarium oxysporum , Trichoderma viride ,Avicelase,CMCase,and Fpase,Environmental conditions}, url = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_23584.html}, eprint = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_23584_57d95a596769c964c8f7ca7d253ec654.pdf} } @article { author = {Hussein, Mohamed and Yassin, Asmaa and El-Gelany, Fatma}, title = {Characterization, Virulence Factors and Antifungal Susceptibility of Vulvovaginal Candida Isolated from Women at Qena, Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {13-24}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0022-2704}, eissn = {2357-0881}, doi = {10.21608/ejm.2019.10543.1091}, abstract = {ALTHOUGH the incidence of vaginitis caused by non-albicans Candida tends to be increased, C. albicans still the main causative agent of vaginitis Candida. Eighty-eight vaginal swab samples were collected from women with acute vaginitis in Qena, Egypt. Of 50 isolates, 39 admitted into C. albicans and 11 non-albicans Candida isolates (78% and 22% prevalence, respectively) were identified. Youths were more susceptible to infection with vulvovaginal Candida, the rate of infection decreased with increase education levels and the risk of infection was greater among douching use women. All isolates belonging to Candida taxa were positive to proteinase activity and 48 (96%) were lipase producers. Non-albicans Candida (C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. krusei) were more proteinase producers than C. albicans (P< 0.000). Compared with C. tropicalis, the other isolated Candida exhibited less lipase activity (P< 0.000). The higher lipase capacity of C. tropicalis may reflect their increased prevalence among non-albicans Candida group. Among five essential oils, cinnamon and clove oils showed strong efficacy against isolated Candida strains compared with miconazole antifungal.}, keywords = {Vaginitis,conventional,Candida ,Virulence factors,Antifungal susceptibility}, url = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_33377.html}, eprint = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_33377_dadee689b9a48b0938cdd5ab941efa47.pdf} } @article { author = {Shawky, Amal and Tolba, Sahar and Hamouda, Hayam}, title = {Emergence of New Delhi Metallo Beta Lactamase blaNDM-1 and Oxacillinases blaOXA-48 Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in an Egyptian Hospital}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {25-37}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0022-2704}, eissn = {2357-0881}, doi = {10.21608/ejm.2019.12395.1096}, abstract = {The rapid dissemination of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) all over the world represents a matter of concern. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of CRE in clinical isolates recovered from Al Kasr Al-Ainy hospital in the period between August 2015 and February 2017. The isolates were identified by conventional methods and Maldi-TOF spectroscopy. Phenotypic identification of CRE was carried out by Modified Hodge test and genotypic characterization for Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) and CRE genes was also performed. Carbapenemase activity of CRE isolates was confirmed in 46% of the isolates of which, blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-48 were detected in 75%, 59% of the isolates respectively, while blaVIM was detected in 2.3% only. However, blaIMP and blaKPC were not detected in any isolate. All CRE isolates carried at least one ESBL gene, 95.4% of CRE isolates had blaCTX-M-15, 88.6% blaTEM-1, and 68.2% blaSHV. The blaSHV gene showed different alleles in the CRE isolates. All the isolates were sensitive to polymyxin B and colistin while only 36.4% were sensitive to tigecycline. Consequently, microbiologists and clinicians should implement the necessary control measures to prevent the spreading of these resistant bacteria.}, keywords = { Klebsiella pneumoniae ,Carbapenem resistance,blaNDM-1,blaOXA-48,ESBLs,MHT}, url = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_35489.html}, eprint = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_35489_eacdac75402a63a278bae14010805992.pdf} } @article { author = {Ahmed, Alshaymaa and Abou-Taleb, Khadiga}, title = {Implementation of Different Fermentation Techniques For Induction of Tannase and Gallic Acid Using Agro-residues Substrates}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {39-54}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0022-2704}, eissn = {2357-0881}, doi = {10.21608/ejm.2019.13840.1103}, abstract = {Tannase is an inducible enzyme which hydrolysate tannin to gallic acid and used to in many industries such as food and pharmaceutical. This enzyme has scooped more attention in recent times. A maximum production of tannase (ranged from 0.30 to 0.93 enzyme index and from1.05 to 1.87 U/mg specific tannase activity (STA)) and gallic acid (from 0.07 to 0.76 mg/ml gallic acid concentration (GAC)) was achieved by 8 fungal strains out of 24 fungal and yeast strains belonged to genera; Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Penicillium, Candida and Saccharomyces. The selected fungi were grown on tannin-rich substrates (eucalyptus leaves, pomegranate peel, banana peel, guava leaves and wheat bran) and by-products (corn steep liquor (CSL) and soybean extract) as sole carbon and nitrogen sources for tannase and GA production at 28°C for 6 days under liquid-surface (LSF), submerged (SmF) and solid-state (SSF) fermentation. Results indicated that A. niger A8 and T. viride with 10% (v/v) of inoculum size gave a high STA (from 8.08 to 10.95 U/mg) and GAC (from 2.62 to 4.00 mg/ml) on pomegranate and banana peels supplemented with CSL after 4 days incubation at 28°C under SSF compared to SmF and LSF. STA (ranged from 10.68 to 12.93 U/mg) and GAC (ranged from 3.56 to 4.16 mg/ml) were increased when inoculated the medium with both A. niger A8+T. viride (with 5:5% v/v of inoculum size) more than when inoculated with each of them separately.}, keywords = {agricultural wastes,Aspergillus sp,Biosynthesis,Gallic acid production Tannase production,Trichoderma sp}, url = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_44427.html}, eprint = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_44427_fe43a655a74d61abefa4cab38ac33e4a.pdf} } @article { author = {Abass, Eman and Mohamed, Samar and El-Kholy, Iman and Zaki, Sherif}, title = {Incidence of ICU-Acquired Candidemia in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Cairo, Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {55-61}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0022-2704}, eissn = {2357-0881}, doi = {10.21608/ejm.2019.14099.1104}, abstract = {The aim of this laboratory-based study is to report ICU-acquired candidemia incidence rate and the circulating Candida spp. in a university tertiary care hospital for the first time in Egypt. This study was conducted between January 2013 to December 2017 at the Ain Shams University Specialized Hospital located in Cairo. The incidence rate and species distribution as well as antifungal susceptibility testing of isolated Candida spp. against fluconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, and micafungin were determined. During the study period, a total of 50 proven candidemia episodes were recorded. The incidence rate is 3.3 cases/1,000 ICU admission-year amounting to a burden of 33.33 cases/100,000 inhabitants-year (95% CI 32.97 – 33.70). Out of the 50 isolated Candida species, C. albicans accounted for (26%) while non-albicans species accounted for 74%. The rank order of Candida spp. isolated was C. krusei 14 (28%), C. albicans 13 (26%), C. parapsilosis 10 (20%), C. tropicalis 8 (16%), and C. glabrata 5 (10%). The antifungal susceptibility testing revealed that all isolated Candida spp. exhibited variable resistance rates to the four tested antifungal agents where low rates of resistant isolates were observed for caspofungin (24%) while the high rates were observed for fluconazole (50%). The results obtained indicated that the incidence rate of candidemia and the emergence ratio of non-albicans Candida spp. is the highest compared to neighboring countries in Middle East.}, keywords = {Candidemia,ICU,Incidence, Candida spp. distribution,Egypt}, url = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_46024.html}, eprint = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_46024_4fb49822695644e1da4a9e34a7941745.pdf} } @article { author = {Yousef, Samah and Ibrahim, Nevin and Farag, Souzy and El-mehalawy, Adel and Ismaiel, Ahmed and Ahmed, Ashraf}, title = {Mycosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by The Endophytic Fungus Alternaria tenuissima AUMC 13621 and Evaluation of their Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Effect}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {63-76}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0022-2704}, eissn = {2357-0881}, doi = {10.21608/ejm.2019.13564.1101}, abstract = {GREEN synthetic strategies have been receiving a great interest for metal nanoparticles synthesis. In the current study, extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the cell filtrate of the endophytic fungus, Alternaria tenuissima AUMC 13621 isolated from healthy leaves of Ruta graveolens plant, was achieved. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS), and fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR), The UV–visible spectrum shows a maximum absorption peak at 416nm. TEM photography showed the spherical shape of AgNPs with an average size 9.8nm. FT-IR indicates bounding of silver nanoparticles with the supernatant molecules of A. tenuissima and provides evidence for the presence of proteins and biomolecules responsible for reduction of Ag+ to Ag0, capping and stabilizing the synthesized AgNPs. Parametric optimization for the biosynthesis process showed maximum absorbance of 400–408nm at pH-12, 70oC using 1mM AgNO3 concentration. By studying the effect of gamma irradiation on AgNPs biosynthesis, the results showed that, the obtained peak became more sharper and narrower moreover, the absorbance intensity increased by increasing irradiation dose from 0.5 to 3.0kGy. The synthesized Ag NPs have a potent antimicrobial activity to some tested pathogenic bacterial strains and Candida albicans ATCC1023. Additionally, they had excellent free radical scavenging activity. The AgNPs antioxidant activity at 100μg/ml was of 65.99% inhibition that was close to the result obtained for ascorbic acid (67.39%).}, keywords = {silver nanoparticles,Antimicrobial,Endophytes,antioxidant}, url = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_47682.html}, eprint = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_47682_1ac2940cdbe9e3a832b5aace0858a764.pdf} } @article { author = {Ahmed, Alshaymaa and Abou-Taleb, Khadiga and Ebeed, Naglaa and Khalil, Hala}, title = {Role of Some Enzymes Produced by Egyptian Bacterial Isolate on Decolorization of Blue and Yellow Textile Dyes}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {77-89}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0022-2704}, eissn = {2357-0881}, doi = {10.21608/ejm.2019.15326.1107}, abstract = {DECOLORIZATION of textile reactive azo dyes, blue and yellow, by 15 bacterial isolates collected from Egyptian arid soil was investigated. Of these, S8 isolate revealed a highest decolorization performance. Here, we identified S8 isolate on a molecular level based on type I chaperonin universal target sequence (cpn60). The most similar DNA sequence to the S8 DNA sequence was for Klebsiella oxytoca partial CDS (AB008147.1) coding for GroES and GroEL chaperon homologues (acronyms of cpn60) with 88% DNA sequence similarity. The impact of numerous exterior parameters to improve the decolorization abilities of this isolate was studied. A maximum decolorization activity occurred at a medium containing glucose, soybean husk at a C/N ratio of 12:1 supplemented with dye concentration of 100mg/L and amended with 3% (v/v) inoculum. Incubation for 4 days at 35°C±2 with shaking at 150rpm reached the decolorization activity to 89.35 and 78.23% for blue and yellow dyes, respectively. The ascending levels of bacterial enzymes like azo-reductase, phenol red manganese peroxidase and ascorbate oxidase indicated their prominent roles in dye degradation.}, keywords = {dyes,Decolorization,Degrading enzymes, Klebsiella oxytoca ,cpn60,Gene sequence}, url = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_47663.html}, eprint = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_47663_d990e9b0424ef8c5bfe77dba53b093ff.pdf} } @article { author = {Amer, Rehab and El-Baghdady, Khaled and Kamel, Iman and El-Shishtawy, Hisham}, title = {Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamase Genes among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {91-101}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0022-2704}, eissn = {2357-0881}, doi = {10.21608/ejm.2019.16460.1113}, abstract = {EXTENDED spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae became a major problem in the whole world. This work aimed to study the prevalence of ESBLs genes (blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M) in E. coli and K. pneumoniae clinical isolates recovered from Al Kasr Al-Ainy Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, during the period between 2016 and 2018. One hundred sixty eight clinical isolates were screened for ESBLs production by double disc synergy test (DDST) and combination disc test (CDT). ESBLs genes were detected by PCR using specific primers. Out of 168 isolates, 113 (67.26%) were phenotypically positive ESBLs. Genotypically, only 108 (95.58%) were confirmed as ESBLs producer (61 E. coli and 47 K. pneumoniae isolates). The percentage of blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM were 91.7%, 82.4% and 78.7%, respectively. The co-existence of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes were found in 47.54 and 72.34% for E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively.}, keywords = {Enterobacteriacea, Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae ,ESBLs}, url = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_56030.html}, eprint = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_56030_6988ec5a46e561d430cde405b0dc3de8.pdf} } @article { author = {Ibrahim, Nevin}, title = {Molecular Identification and Evaluation of Genetic Variability among Some Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Strains Isolated from Fish Feed in Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {103-115}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0022-2704}, eissn = {2357-0881}, doi = {10.21608/ejm.2019.16611.1114}, abstract = {AFLATOXINS are among the most potent carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic natural compounds occurring in food and feed. In this study, molecular typing based on sequence variations in the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was used to identify and genetically discriminate five selected strains of A. flavus, four strains (AUMC13909, AUMC13910, AUMC13911 and AUMC13917) were aflatoxigenic isolates recovered from fish feed. A. flavus AUMC10311 is a non-aflatoxigenic reference strain which was used as a negative control to investigate the molecular variability of the studied strains concerning their aflatoxigenic potential. The ITS data of the studied strains were submitted to NCBI GenBank with the accession numbers: MK491621, MK491622, MK491623, MK491624 and MK491625. Cluster analysis of these strains was performed depending on their ITS sequences, which discriminate them into three different sub-clusters. The highest genetic similarity (100%) was observed between AUMC13911 and AUMC10311. Proteins banding patterns of the examined strains were analyzed using SDS-PAGE, which resolved six polymorphic protein bands out of a total of 22 bands, ranged from 14 to 125kDa. Interestingly, a protein band (~ 40kDa) was relatively overexpressed in case of the aflatoxigenic strains while was hardly detected in the non-aflatoxigenic strain, suggesting that this protein might be involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Cluster analyses based on this banding pattern grouped the tested strains into two major clusters. The highest similarity index (97%) was between AUMC13911 and AUMC10311. These results confirmed the genetic variation among the examined A. flavus strains and the necessity for greater insight into cluster assembly using different Omics approaches.}, keywords = {Aflatoxin, Aspergillus flavus ,Genetic variability,DNA barcoding,SDS-PAGE}, url = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_56065.html}, eprint = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_56065_46aaf18729a9fc813ac2d0740a5dec97.pdf} } @article { author = {Ibrahim, Nevin and Tawfik, Merha}, title = {Fungi as Potential Biocontrol Agents Against Convolvulus arvensis and Portulaca oleracea Infesting the Agroecosystems of Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {117-135}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0022-2704}, eissn = {2357-0881}, doi = {10.21608/ejm.2019.17443.1117}, abstract = {FUNGAL biocontrol of weed is a promising eco-friendly alternative solution to reduce risks of synthetic herbicides. A field survey conducted in Wadi El-Natroun and North Sinai, Egypt, resulted in the isolation of 36 fungal isolates. Culture filtrates of the obtained isolates were screened for their ability to inhibit the seed germination and seedling development of Portulaca oleracea and Convolvulus arvensis. Filtrates crude extracts of Albifimbria verrucaria MN094460.1 and Cladosporium cladosporioides MN094461.1 gave the highest herbicidal activity against both tested weeds. A. verrucaria caused high reductions in seed germination, shoot and root length, of both weeds. Also, its crude extract significantly reduced seedling fresh weight of P. oleracea (85%) and C. arvensis (59%). On the other hand, C. cladosporioides completely inhibited seed germination, shoot and root length of P. oleracea while its extract caused 78% reduction in seedling fresh weight. In greenhouse, foliar application of 5×107 conidia/ml of A. verrucaria with 0.2% silwet-L-77 significantly reducted P. oleracea chlorophyll a (74%) and fresh weight (82%) also, it reduced C. arvensis chlorophyll b (57%). Whereas, conidial sprays of C. cladosporioides (5×107 conidia/ml with 0.2% silwet-L-77) caused significant reductions in P. oleracea chlorophyll a (73%) and fresh weight (74%). LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of 12 compounds in C. cladosporioides extract and 7 compounds in A. verrucaria extract. This study concluded that A. verrucaria MN094460.1 and C. cladosporioides MN094461.1 are potentially effective biocontrol agents against P. oleracea and C. arvensis. Besides, the herbicidal activity of C. cladosporioides against P. oleracea was reported for the first time.}, keywords = {Fungal weed control,Bioherbicides,Noxious weeds,Field bindweed,Common purslane}, url = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_56066.html}, eprint = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_56066_c6dc5dac104a2ffb1e42b2305474c3d8.pdf} } @article { author = {Abo safe, Feriala and Salah, Neven and Rashed, Mohamed and Saad, Sarah}, title = {Susceptibility of Aminoglycoside Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii to Antibiotic Combinations}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {137-147}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology}, issn = {0022-2704}, eissn = {2357-0881}, doi = {10.21608/ejm.2019.16809.1115}, abstract = {ACINETOBACTER baumannii (A. baumannii ) is considered one of the predominant antibiotic resistance pathogens involved in hospital acquired infections worldwide problem. The study investigated the effect of antibiotic combination of β-lactams (ceftriaxone, cefixime, carpabenem and impenim) and aminoglycosides against 5 clinical isolates of A. baumannii multidrug resistant. Over one year, 250 bacterial isolates were collected from 5 Egyptian hospitals from various infection sites. Two hundred out of 250 bacterial isolates were identified as A. baumannii based on phenotypic and genotypic techniques. The susceptibility of two-hundred A. baumannii strains against 21 different antibiotics was studied. The results showed that the highest resistance was to Cephalosporins, group was 99% followed by Quinolones & Fluoroquinolone was 90, 5 followed by penicillin 87.5, then Sulfa drugs was 75.5 then Carbapenem was 73 and finally Aminoglycosides was 60.5%. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) values of aminoglycosides resistant A. baumannii strains ranged from 32 to >512mg/ml and β-lactam group ranged from 16 to >512mg/ml. Forty-five combined microtitre checkerboards were performed against the 5 totally aminoglycoside resistant A. baumannii strains to assess the potential for combination therapy. Combination of aminoglycoside antibiotics with β-lactams showed synergy action in thirty- eight (84%) of total forty-five combinations. Synergy was achieved with 100%, with the following combinations GN/IMP, GN/CRO, GN/CFM, AK/CRO, AK/CFM, TOB/CRO and TOB/CFM. No synergism was observed with combination between amikacin and imipenem.}, keywords = {Acinetobacter baumannii ,Aminoglycosides,β-lactams combination,Synergy}, url = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_67347.html}, eprint = {https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_67347_048d048f835c53adb0a10c45619d94fe.pdf} }