ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Pulping of Sugarcane Bagasse Using Ceriporiopsis subvermispora SS-33 and Ophiostoma piliferum as a Fungal Bio-agents
BAGASSE is an agricultural by product from sugar cane after the cane is harvested and crushed to extract the juice. The utilization of bagasse as raw material for pulp and paper industry is increasing rapidly which also increasing pollution to the environment. In renewable resource to reduce chemical pollution, white rot fungi or lignin-degrading fungi was employed to contribute to remove lignin from raw materials. The aim of this investigation, is to determine the activity of white-rot fungi on bagasse as in in vivo biopulping or pretreatment by comparing the lignin content of bagasse before and after the biodegradation in different conditions. It was found that the most favorable conditions for bagasse pulping can be achieved by treatment with propylene glycol (PG) 90% under pressure for 1 h or without pressure for 2 h at the cooking temperature 150°C. The mentioned treatments gave high pulp yield, with no rejects and low kappa number. The extractive removal of bagasse (10 mesh) by steam resulted to high weight loss, acid perceptible polymeric lignin (APPL) production and low kappa number. The biological 4 weeks treatment of bagasse by Ophiostoma piliferum at 27°C increased the brightness, breaking length and tear factor of unbleached bagasse paper sheets, when compared with steam treatment. Using mixed culture of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and O. piliferum either from one or twostage cultures for extractive removal and biodegradation of bagasse, led to the improvement the chemical pulp composition and the properties of unbleached paper sheets. One stage culture treatment increased the unbleached paper sheets properties which expressed as brightness, breaking length and tear factor by 5.6%, 0.08 km and 3.78, compared with the two-stage culture treatment results, which were 3.08%, 21.41 km and 3.69 , respectively . The mentioned results were more convenient when compared with steam extraction method. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) revealed that the biological fibers of the produced paper sheets exhibit a cleaner surface, high flexibility, and conformability, which would be contributed to the good bonding nature
https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_239_6d6ab664e909b890ade809bad1ab5088.pdf
2014-12-31
1
15
10.21608/ejm.2014.239
Biopulping
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora
Ophiostoma piliferum
Sugarcane bagasse
Kappa no
Propylene glycol pulping
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Fungal Xylanase and Lignin Peroxidase in Bio-bleaching of Sugar Cane Bagasse Biopulping
FUNGAL xylanase and lignin peroxidase enzymes were used as pretreatment for biobleaching of bagasse biopulping treated with a mixed culture of Ophiostoma piliferum and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora SS- 33 at 27ºC for one week in MV medium as a static culture before the pulping with propylene glycol ( PG). Some agricultural wastes such as corn cobs, wheat bran, and bagasse powder were used as a sole carbon source for xylanase production. The maximum production of fungal xylanase was attained after 7 days fermentation period on corn cobs medium at 30C on rotary shake flasks at 150 rpm. The enzyme production by Trichoderma reesie NRRL 6156 increased 1.17 fold as compared with that obtained by Trichoderma viride NRRL 13034.Using 10.30 IU xylanase/g bagasse biopulp, produced by Trichoderma reesie NRRL 6156, for 4 h at 50ºC was the best xylanase pretreatment which reduced klason lignin% and increased the brightness % of bagasse biopulp. The solid-state HC- LN medium supplemented with tween 60 and veratryl alcohol in addition to 10 grams of bagasse pulp was the best one for lignin peroxidase production by Phanerochaete chrvsosporium NRRL 6361, the enzyme activity of this treatment (77.75 IU/L) was higher than that obtained using semi-solid (47.75 IU/L) and liquid (36.50 IU/L) state, after 6 days incubation period. The optimum lignin peroxidase dose, for the best biobleaching of unbleached bagasse biopulp at 37C for 8 h was 1.54 IU/g. Using these enzyme pretreatments led to increasing the brightness %, breaking length and tear factor 6.7, 18.89 and 12.7 % by xylanase bleached bagasse (XBB) and 8.94 %, 34.92 and 30.82 %, by lignin peroxidase bleached bagasse (LBB), respectively. The enzyme treatment of LBB and XBB led to a decrease of chlorine consumption 40% and 26.67 % as compared to control. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) of bleached bagasse pulp clearly showed fiber that exposed to enzymes treatment had a more open surface and it becomes more accessible to subsequent bleaching agents. The biological pretreatment of bagasse pulp with xylanase orlignin peroxidase enzymes led to increasing in the crystallinity by 11.29 and 8.3 %, respectively.
https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_240_b9010d3a1283791a21c0703a9147c20d.pdf
2014-12-31
17
35
10.21608/ejm.2014.240
xylanase
Lignin peroxidase
Biobleaching of bagasse
Biopulping
Ophiostoma piliferum
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora
Phanerochaete chrvsosporium
Trichoderma reesie
Trichoderma viride
Klason lignin
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Fungal Biotreatment of Agro-Industrial Wastes for the Production of Bioethanol in Bioreactor
BIOETHANOL production from lignocellulosic feedstocks is considered a promising strategy to increase global production of biofuels without impacting food supplies. This work aimed to evaluate bioethanol production by baker’s yeast using a medium containing the hydrolysate of fungal biotreatment of five different lignocellulosic feedstocks with some amendments. The pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks using 5 % w/v NaOH, 1 % v/v H2SO4 and sodium hypochlorite: H2O2 (10:1) prior to fungal biotreatment was studied. For bioethanol production, batch, fed-batch (two strategies) and continuous cultivations of baker’s yeast on the fungal biotreated rice straw hydrolysate was evaluated in bioreactor. In batch and pulsed fed-batch cultivations, the highest bioethanol concentration, conversion coefficient, bioethanol yield and productivity were (0.41 % v/v, 36.9 % v/w, 36.9 % v/w and 0.114 ml/l/h, respectively), while in fed-batch cultivation with continuous feeding these parameters were (0.45 % v/v, 40 % v/w, 40.5 v/w % and 0.015 ml/l/h, respectively). The highest bioethanol concentration (0.52 % v/v) was obtained in continuous culture at dilution rate of 0.03 h-1, while conversion coefficient, yield and productivity were 31.2 % v/w, 31.4 % v/w and 0.022 ml/l/h, respectively
https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_241_8229022d7dd9739af94774bc2ec7bfb3.pdf
2014-12-31
37
54
10.21608/ejm.2014.241
Bioethanol
Agro-industrial wastes
Biotreatment
baker’s yeast
Trichoderma viride EMCC 107
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Gama Irradiation of Bioethanol Producing Microorganisms on Bioethanol Formation from Sugarcane Bagasse and Potato Peels
THE PRESENT work was designed to investigate the production of bioethanol from agriculture feedstock (sugarcane bagasse and potato peels) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 7754 and Zymomonas mobilis ATCC 29191, exposed to different doses of gamma irradiation (0, 100, 300, 500, 1000 and 1500 Gy). The effect of different hydrolysis pretreatments of feedstock on resulting sugars (initial sugars), which were later fermented to bioethanol, was also tested and compared to non-hydrolyzed feedstock. Hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and potato peels was conducted with dilute sulphuric acid (2 and 6 % v/v), running at 100 and 120˚C for 30 and 60 min of retention time. The highest bioethanol concentration obtained from sugarcane bagasse was 10.3 gL-1, which was produced by Sacch. cerevisiae ATCC 7754 irradiated at 300 Gy from hydrolysate of 2 % (v/v) H2SO4 at 120°C for 60 min treatment. From the same treatment, the highest bioethanol concentration obtained by Z. mobilis ATCC 29191 was 4.4 gL-1, when irradiated at 100 Gy. This acid treatment produced 23.7 gL-1 of sugars from the feedstock. The highest bioethanol concentration obtained from potato peels was 7.5 gL-1, produced by Sacch. cerevisiae ATCC 7754 irradiated at 300 Gy from hydrolysate of 6 % (v/v) H2SO4 at 100°C for 60 min treatment, followed by 5.7 gL-1 produced by Z. mobilis ATCC 29191 irradiated at 100 Gy. This treatment produced 24 gL-1 of sugars from the feedstock
https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_242_a8c2e407305d09f3bb60b8ec3b72ca5e.pdf
2014-12-01
55
79
10.21608/ejm.2014.242
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 29191
Zymomonas mobilis ATCC 29191
Bioethanol
Feedstock
Gamma Irradiation
Dilute acid hydrolysis
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Lipid-producing Yeast for Biodiesel Production
A TOTAL of 76 yeast isolates were isolated from different sources included soil, organic manure, rotted fruits and different pickles based on the typical morphological character of yeast using light microscopy. These isolates were screened for their ability to accumulate intracellular lipids within the cells by culturing on nitrogen-limited medium (productive medium) and using Sudan Black B staining technique. Sixty lipid producing yeast isolates were detected. Estimation of biomass, lipid yield, and lipid content was done for 33 oleaginous yeast isolates, based on the amount of lipid accumulation. Four isolates (S5, D5, J3 and C9) proved to have high lipid levels. The growth parameters ( lipid content, biomass yield, sugar utilization efficiency, conversion coefficient) were determined during the fermentation time under circumstances of N-limitation medium using a shake flask technique. Lipid synthesis was partially associated with both the linear growth phase and during the stationary phase. The fatty acids profile analysis revealed that the lipid extracted from the four promising yeast isolates mainly contained the principal fatty acids (triacylglyceols, TAGs) as palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) which is similar to that of vegetable oils. The ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids for the four oleaginous yeasts varied. Isolates S5 and D5 which showed the most potential in lipid production and had the similar fatty acid profile to plant oils, were identified as Candida tropicalis and Pichia kudriavzevii respectively using a molecular genetics technique. Finally, the data show that the identified strains of oleaginous yeast are promising as viable producers of biodiesel
https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_243_1057e45932ced1cac947daecd48f4f0c.pdf
2014-12-31
81
98
10.21608/ejm.2014.243
Biodiesel
Lipids-producing yeast
fatty acid profile
26S rRNA gene
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Response of Fusarium solani to Cd(II) and Cu(II) in Pure Culture
FUSARIUM solani was isolated from soil receiving long term application of sewage and industrial effluents as irrigates and identified according to morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analysis. Its selection was based on the fact that work was done on Cd(II) and Cu(II) toxicity on F. solani. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of F. solani for Cd(II) and Cu(II) were 900 mg/l and 600 mg/l, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the cell surface morphology and surface area/volume ratio changed after Cd(II) and Cu(II) stress. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the cell wall thickness doubled, an increase in the number of intracytoplasmic vesicles and some cells were completely lysed after exposure to Cd(II) stress. Also, cell wall was outlined by Cu(II) particles and cells attracted Cu(II) deposits. The presence of Cd(II) and Cu(II) was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis. The effects of Cd(II) and Cu(II) on radial growth, biomass production, protein content, total antioxidant and total thiol were investigated. Activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), glutathione reductase (GR) and peroxidase (POD) after Cd(II) and Cu(II) stress were determined.
https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_244_797e5462af8d6e3534eb3201007e3a5a.pdf
2014-12-31
99
117
10.21608/ejm.2014.244
F. solani
Growth response
Cd(II)
Cu(II)
Stress