National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Microbiology0022-270450120151231Microbial Production of Bioethanol from Gamma Irradiated Sugarcane Bagasse and Potato Peels11523110.21608/ejm.2015.231ENJournal Article20140306RECENTLY, with growing crisis in fossil fuel and the consequent of environmental pollution problems worldwide, bioethanol has become one of the most promising biofuels and many researchers have worked on improving the efficacy of the bioethanol production process. This work was concerned with producing bioethanol from low-cost raw agro-industrial feedstock (sugarcane bagasse and potato peels) and utilizing radiation technology to increase conversion rate of these materials to bioethanol. Both of sugarcane bagasse and potato peels were acid-hydrolyzed and resulted hydrolysates were fermented by either <em>Zymomonas mobilis</em> ATCC 29191,<em> Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> ATCC 7754, or both organisms, cocultured (1:1). The effect of gamma irradiation on bioethanol production was studied by exposing the feedstock to different doses of gamma rays (0, 25, 50 75 kGy). Effect of combining gamma irradiation with acid treatment of feedstock on bioethanol production was also investigated. From sugarcane bagasse, the highest achieved final bioethanol concentration (15.4 gL-1) was obtained from the combined pretreatment by irradiation with 75 kGy followed by hydrolysis with 2 % (v/v) H2SO4 at 120°C for 60 min and fermented with co-culture (1:1) of <em>Z. mobilis</em> ATCC 29191 and <em>Sacch. cerevisiae</em> ATCC 29191. On the other hand, from potato peels the highest bioethanol concentration (12.1 g L-1) was obtained from combined pretreatment by irradiation with 75 kGy and hydrolyzed by 6 % (v/v) H2SO4 at 100°C for 60 min then fermented with co-culture (1:1).https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_231_72c88162f7b014447a77dca4991d4195.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Microbiology0022-270450120151231Antibacterial Activity of White and Blue Wild Myrtle Parts Extracts Against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis 172923210.21608/ejm.2015.232ENJournal Article20141016ِِِِِِِِِِِِِِِِِِِِِِِِANTIBACTERIAL activity of acetone, ethanol and water extracts of parts of the indigenous in Syria wild myrtle <em>Myrtus communis</em> L., (root, stem, leaves, fruits) with different concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100%) was carried out against gram-positive bacteria growth which isolated and identified from the pathogenic specimens of Damascus Children's Hospital, Bacterial laboratory, using agar well diffusion method on Mueller – Hinton medium. The results showed the effect of Myrtle extracts concentration on bacterial growth, increasing concentration causes rise inhibition diameter of bacterial growth. The effect of Myrtle acetone extracts was more effective against <em>Staphylococcus </em>epidermidis and <em>Staphylococcus aureus,</em> and the best effect of parts extracts of both plants was better on the two types of bacteria as follows: leaves> fruits> stem> roots, increasing concentration succeeded to increase inhibition zone of bacterial growth, and results showed that acetone extracts induced pronounced effectiveness of the largest in the two types of bacteria, followed by ethanolic then aqueous extracts, inhibition effective against <em>S. </em>epidermidis was more much than <em>S. aureus .</em> Generally, the effect of blue myrtle parts extracts was more effective on bacteria than white type. This study also confirmed the antimicrobial potential of investigated plants and their usefulness in the treatment of resistance gram-positive microorganisms.https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_232_bb4f9572924231ca2383f6bdd9c53003.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Microbiology0022-270450120151231Comparison of Antibacterial Activity of Fungal Chitosan and Some Preservatives Against Some Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria314223310.21608/ejm.2015.233ENJournal Article20150610ANTIBACTERIAL activity of chitosan, sodium nitrite and sodium benzoate was studied by disc diffusion assay. Inhibition percentage, minimal inhibitory concentration, and effect of MIC of chitosan on the survival of pathogenic bacterial strains were compared. Results showed that chitosan, sodium benzoate and sodium nitrite exhibited antibacterial activity against all the tested pathogens, namely <em>E. coli, S. </em>typhimurium<em>, B. </em>cereus and <em>Staph. aureus.</em> Inhibition of all strains increased with increasing concentrations of fungal chitosan and preservative.https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_233_505e56443f69a8294352b2272bb1bad8.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Microbiology0022-270450120151231Detection of Aflatoxin in AspergillusSpecies Isolated from Immunocompromised Hospitalized Patients435923410.21608/ejm.2015.234ENJournal Article20150611ASPERGILLUS infections have grown in importance in the last few decades. However, most of the studies have focused on <em>Aspergillus fumigatus,</em> the most prevalent species in the human infections which are followed by <em>Aspergillus </em>flavus . Even though <em>Aspergillus </em>flavus was more common than <em>A. </em>fumigatus in some reports. <em>Aspergillus niger</em> came next to them causing invasive aspergillosis . <em>Aspergillus </em>flavus is a widely feared fungal pathogen capable of producing aflatoxin, the most potent mycotoxin . Two hundred and fifty hospitalized patients were studied for fungal infection. Out of the collected cases 109 were positive fungal infection representing 43.6% of the total cases. The age of the patients ranged from 22 to 68 years, of which 61% were male and 39% were female. Three species of the genus <em>Aspergillus</em> were collected from 18 cases representing 16.5% of the total positive. These isolates identified as <em>Aspergillus </em>flavus (11 cases ) followed by <em>A .niger</em> (5 cases ) and <em>A. </em>fumigatus ( 2 cases ) representing 10.1%, 4.6%, and 1.8% , respectively. Identification was carried out using the traditional method and confirmed by the molecular techniques (amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region and direct sequencing followed by comparative GenBank analysis ). All the isolates were tested for aflatoxin production using hHigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Aflatoxins B1 and B2 were produced from <em>A. </em>flavus only while <em>A. niger</em> and <em>A. </em>fumigatus were non- producers. Voriconazole (200 mg/12h for 12 weeks) and Micafungin (100-150 mg/day for 12 weeks) were successfully used for treating all the caseshttps://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_234_70b736429d9306161278b046752dab73.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Microbiology0022-270450120151231Suppression of Aflatoxin Production by Essential Oil and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Molecular Detection of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis aflR Gene Expression in Aspergillus flavus 618223510.21608/ejm.2015.235ENJournal Article20150615<em>ASPERGILLUS </em>flavus produces many secondary metabolites including aflatoxin B1, the most toxic and most potent carcinogenic natural compound that causes contamination on a variety of food and feed commodities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of <em>Lactobacillus </em>rhamnosus, the essential oils anise, caraway, fennel and potassium sorbate on growth rate, and aflatoxin B1 accumulation, and also to measure the expression of aflR a regulatory gene of aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway by using real time-q PCR technique. Our results indicated that all treatments exhibited potential antiaflatoxigenic and antifungal effect against <em>A.flavus.</em> Furthermore,<em> L. </em>rhamnosus after 7days of incubation, anise oil at concentration 100µl/100ml medium, and potassium sorbate at concentration 4.0µg /100ml medium at pH 6.0 showed a lowered transcription level of aflR gene as compared to control. The results indicated that <em>L. </em>rhamnosus may be useful as a natural biocontrol and strengthens the utilization of anise oil as an ideal antimicrobial against <em>A.flavus.</em> Visually, the results of real time-q PCR technique for aflR gene expression indicated that it was not a useful method for diagnosis of non-aflatoxin producing strains or vise viscera.https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_235_7f1f875abbb5763740489a86740757c2.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Microbiology0022-270450120151231Anti-aflatoxigenic Effect of Some Lactobacillus Species on Aspergillus flavus by Using Real – Time - q PCR8310023610.21608/ejm.2015.236ENJournal Article20150615THIS STUDY aimed to the potency of two species of <em>Lactobacillus</em> (LAB) i.e. <em>Lactobacillus </em>rhamnosus,<em> L.bulgaricus</em> and <em>Streptococcus </em>thermophilus in inhibition of <em>A. </em>flavus growth, production of aflatoxin B1and expression of the aflR gene of aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway by using real time-q PCR technique. The trail was designed in two variations challenging the fungi with seven treatments of LAB species and <em>S. </em>thermophilus, before and at same time (simultaneous) fungal inoculation The results indicated that all treatments exhibited potential antiaflatoxigenic and antifungal effect against<em> A. flavus</em>. After 72h of incubation aflatoxin B1 not detected with some species treatments compared to control which produced aflatoxin B1 1840±20µg /100 ml medium. Furthermore, the results showed that detection of transcription level of aflR gene was not correlated to the actual toxicity of each treatment. The mRNA abundances of aflR gene in control was 1± 0.11, while in treatments with <em>(L. rhamnosus; S. thermophilus; L. rhamnosus & S. thermophilus; L. bulgaricus & L. rhamnosus; L.bulgaricus & S. thermophilus and L. rhamnosus & L. bulgaricus & S. thermophilus)</em> were 3.567± 0.25, 1.564± 0.13, 0.421± 0.05, 0.767±0. 06,0.585± 0.05 and 1.498± 0.12, respectively. These differences in gene expression profiles suggested that there was specificity between gene response and treatment. Finally, the results of real time-q PCR technique for aflR gene expression indicated that it was in appropriate method for diagnosis aflatoxin producing and non- producing strainshttps://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_236_aa29d7625b6791a342e324c23dc5c98e.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Microbiology0022-270450120151231Biodiversity of Rhizobia That Nodulate Melilotus indicus L. in Egyptian Soils10111723710.21608/ejm.2015.237ENJournal Article20150624THE OBJECTIVES of this work were to describe the biodiversity and the phylogeny of the selected rhizobial isolates nodulating wild legume <em>Melilotus </em>indicus L. <em>(M. </em>indicus) from 14 different Egyptian soils. These isolates were characterized morphologically and physiologically on the basis of their tolerance to NaCl and pH. Furthermore, the DNA of each rhizobial isolate was analyzed by repPCR amplification fingerprinting using REP, ERIC and BOX A1R primers. Thirty seven rhizobial isolates were obtained from the root nodules of <em>M. </em>indicus<em>.</em> These isolates didn`t absorb Congo- red (CR) when incubated in dark; grew poorly, or not at all, on peptone glucose agar medium containing bromocresol purple (BCP) and acidified the medium suggesting fast-growing rhizobia. Five isolates tolerated NaCl up to 7%. Rhizobial isolates showed a wide diversity in their pH tolerance. Moreover, PCR with REP and ERIC primer pairs yielded multiple distinct DNA products for each isolate of size ranged from approximately 177 to 3773 bp and 200 to 2921 bp, respectively. BOX A1R primer did not reveal any polymorphism for the isolates. We can conclude that rhizobia isolated from M. indicus from Egyptian soils are both phenotypically and genetically diverse.https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_237_358f1199e9b2e01dc5be62f144a26e80.pdfNational Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and TechnologyEgyptian Journal of Microbiology0022-270450120151231Occurrence of Food-born Pathogen in Vegetables Irrigated with Sewage Water and Their Biological Treatment11913123810.21608/ejm.2015.238ENJournal Article20150226THE USE of untreated sewage water in irrigation of vegetables represents a critical problem for the environment and human health. The present study was conducted to assess the extent of bacterial contamination of two vegetables (lettuce and tomato fruits) due to irrigation with sewage water in Belbais, Al-Sharqia Governorate, Egypt. The biological treatment process for the sewage water by two algal spp. (<em>Spirulina </em>platensis and <em>Chlorella </em>vulgaris) at two different concentrations of the algae (2.5ml/ and 10ml/500ml of sewage water) and at two different incubation periods (15 and 21 days) were done. Analysis of sewage and underground water for total coliform, fecal coliform, algae and heavy metals were done. Results showed that sewage water samples were highly contaminated than underground water. Twenty four vegetable samples (lettuce and tomato fruits) were collected from 2 fields, the first was irrigated with sewage water (6 lettuce and 6 tomato fruits samples) and the second with underground water (6 lettuce and 6 tomato samples). All samples were examined for<em> E. coli</em> and <em>Salmonella</em> spp. For lettuce irrigated with sewage 50% of samples were contaminated with <em>E .coli</em> while for tomato irrigated with sewage 66.6 of samples were contaminated with <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Salmonella</em> spp., but the tomato samples irrigated with underground were 33.3 and 50% of samples were contaminated with <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Salmonella</em> spp., respectively. The highest effect of the <em>Spirulina </em>platensis and <em>Chlorella </em>vulgaris to reduce the bacterial count (total coliform and fecal coliform) and to remove Lead (Pb) concentrations almost was of the higher concentrations with long time, while to remove the Cupper (Cu) was at the lower concentrations with the long time for the same algae.https://ejm.journals.ekb.eg/article_238_4624c4b41db69d74b9a9fcf2efd4ce80.pdf